Muscle / Joint Actions &Anatomy Directions &Planesتشريح

Muscle / Joint Actions
&Anatomy Directions &Planes

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اولا


Anatomical Directions:

Directional terms come in opposing pairs (like East/West and
North/South). Anatomical directional terms are used to describe relative
position consistently within a cadaver, independent of how the cadaver
is oriented in the East/West, North/South world.


Dorsal/Ventral:


Dorsal -- directed toward the back[head, trunk, tail]; also applied to manus & pes.
Ventral -- directed toward the belly [head, trunk, tail].


Medial/Lateral:


Medial -- directed toward the midline (median plane) [head, trunk, tail, & limbs].
Lateral -- directed away from the median plane, toward the flank [head, trunk, tail, & limbs].


Cranial/Caudal:


Cranial -- directed toward the cranium (brain case) [trunk, tail, limbs].
Caudal -- directed toward the tail (& beyond) [head, trunk, tail, limbs].


Rostral/Caudal:



Rostral -- directed toward the nose (beak) [head].

Caudal -- directed toward the tail (& beyond) [head, trunk, tail, limbs].


Proximal/Distal:



Proximal -- directed toward the body [limbs & tail].

Distal -- directed away from the body [limbs & tail].




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ثانيا

Anatomical Planes

Anatomical planes are used to describe cuts made through a cadaver in
order to view structures exposed by the cut. While a very large number
of possible cuts could be made through a particular cadaver, three
orthogonal (at right angles to one another) planes are most important.
(Limbs are usually cut (transected) in only one plane, perpendicular to
their long axis.)


Dorsal Plane:

A Dorsal Plane is parallel to the back [head, trunk, tail].
Transverse Plane:
A Transverse Plane is perpendicular to the tong axis of the body [head, trunk, tail].


Sagittal Plane:


A Sagittal Plane divides the body into right/left parts [head, trunk, tail].


Median Plane:


The Median Plane is a mid-sagittal plane that divides the body into left/right halves [head, trunk, tail].
Limb Transections:
Limbs are generally cut by planes that are transeverse relative to the long axis of the limb [limbs].




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ثالثا

Muscle / Joint Actions


Muscles act by moving joints. Thus, the same terms apply to both muscle
actions and joint movements. All joint movements are described by
opposing terms (directions). One set of muscles moves a joint in one
direction; another set of muscles moves the same joint in the opposite
direction. Most joints in the body function as "hinge" joints, meaning
they move (extend/flex) in one plane. Ball and socket joints (e.g., the
hip joint) are capable of circumduction (circular motion). Limbs as a
whole are capable of rotation (supination/pronation) and movement away
from (abduction) and toward (adduction) the body.




Extension/Flexion:


Extend -- increase the angle formed by a hinge joint.
Flex -- decrease the angle formed by a hinge joint.
Abduction/Adduction:
Abduct -- move the limb away from the body.
Adduct -- move the limb toward the body.

Supination/Pronation:

Supinate -- rotate the limb so the dorsum of the manus (or pes) is directed laterally.
Pronate -- rotate the limb so the dorsum of the manus (or pes) is directed medially




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Anatomy Directions &Planes
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